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英語專八人文知識(shí)復(fù)習(xí)
隨著新年的到來，專八考試也近在咫尺了，大家準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？下面是小編幫大家整理的英語專八人文知識(shí)復(fù)習(xí)，歡迎閱讀與收藏。
The Fall Line瀑布線：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.
瀑布線指的是瀑布急速地從高處向低處流瀉的點(diǎn)。
The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亞山脈：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.
阿巴拉契亞山脈全場1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亞高原及阿巴拉契亞山脈組成。
The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脈：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.
科迪勒拉山脈由海岸山脈、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山組成。
The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.
指的是科羅拉多和哥倫比亞高地之間的部分。
The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.
指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亞山之間的平原。
The Great Plain大平原：The western part of the central plain.
大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。
The Mississippi River密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.
密西西比河是美國最長、最重要的河流。它的流域面積達(dá)3225000平方公里。
The Five Great Lakes北美五大湖：Lake Michigan, Superior, Erie, Huron and Ontario.
北美五太湖指的是密歇根湖、蘇必利爾湖、伊利湖、休倫湖以及安大略湖。
The Niagara Falls尼亞加拉瀑布：Famous falls in North America, 1240 meters wide, the drop averages 49 meters.
尼亞加拉瀑布是北美最著名的瀑布，有1240米寬，平均落差為49米。
Yellow stone National Park黃石國家公園：Located in the northern part of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world and the largest wildlife preserve in the U.S.A.
黃石國家公園位于懷俄明州的北部地區(qū)。是世界上最古老的國家公園，是美國最大的野生保護(hù)區(qū)。
Grand Canyon大峽谷：In northern Arizona, one of the great natural wonders of the world. It measures about 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, and more than a mile deep. Its walls show layers that tell the story of the formation of the earth.
大峽谷在亞利桑那州的北部，是世界上最偉大的自然奇跡之一。它約有277英里長，18英里寬，約1英里深。它的墻壁斷層記錄了地球形成的過程。
Old Faithful老忠實(shí)噴泉：The most famous gayer in Yellowstone National Park, erupting more than l00 feet in the air about every 73 minutes.
老忠實(shí)噴泉是黃石國家公園最著名的噴泉，每73分鐘向空中噴水100英尺多高。
Chinatown唐人街：An area in a city where many Chinese people live and where are Chinese shops, restaurants, clubs; two, important Chinatowns: New York City and San Francisco.
唐人街是許多中國人生活、居住的地區(qū)，那里有許多中國店鋪、飯店、夜總會(huì)。兩條最重要的唐人街分別在紐約和舊金山。 Indian Reservation印第安保留地：It refers to the barren desert regions where only Indians live exclusively.
印第安保留地指的是專門給印第安人居住的貧瘠的沙漠地區(qū)。
New England新英格蘭：It consists of six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. This region is featured with mountains, valleys, rivers.
新英格蘭由六個(gè)州組成：緬因州、新罕布什爾州、佛蒙特州、馬薩諸塞州、羅德島州以及康涅狄格。這個(gè)地區(qū)主要以多山、多山谷、河流為特征。
The Mountain States山地諸州：Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.
山地諸州指的是蒙大拿州、懷俄明州、科羅拉多州以及新墨西哥州。
The Pacific Coast States太平洋沿岸諸州：Washington, Oregon and California.
太平洋沿岸諸州包括華盛頓州、俄勒岡州以及加利弗尼亞州。
Mount McKinley 麥金利山：6187 meters high, on the middle of the Alaska, the highest peak on this continent.
麥金利山高達(dá)6187米。在阿拉斯加的中部。是這片大陸上最高的山峰。
Pearl Harbor 珍珠港：The base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A. near the city of Honolulu in Hawaii.
珍珠港是美國太平洋艦隊(duì)的基地，在夏威夷的火奴魯魯市附近。
1. The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is the Mississippi River.（密西西比河也是美國最長最為重要的河流，被美國人“眾河之父”Father of Waters）
2. Non-Hispanic white is the largest racial group in the whole population of U.S. A.
3. Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. 2000年前美國黑人是美國人數(shù)最多的少數(shù)民族，2000年后Hispanics/Latinos也就是拉丁裔的美國人成為美國人數(shù)最多的少數(shù)民族。
4. America has the worlds oldest written constitution and political party. 5. As to roles of American president, which is NOT precisely defined in the U. S. Constitution? A. He is the head of the state B. He is the chief executive of the U. S. C. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces
D. He is the head of his political party（√）
6. The economic problems caused by the depression in 1929 were eventually solved by the New Deal. （proposed by F. D. Roosevelt）
7. The New England regions cultural character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit.
1. 8. California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.
9. Which of the following is NOT Americas newspaper?
A. Wall Street Journal B. USA today C. Guardian （英國《衛(wèi)報(bào)》）（√） D. The Milwaukee Journal
10. ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, CNN, MTV, HBO等都是美國主要的新聞與有線電視網(wǎng)絡(luò)（News and Cable Networks）
11. To the we第一文庫網(wǎng)st of mainland America lies the Pacific Ocean. 美國大陸東部則是大西洋。
12. Detroit（底特律）, a U. S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its automobile industry.（自動(dòng)化產(chǎn)業(yè)）
13. New York City is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.
14. Washington D. C. is named after both George Washington and Christopher Columbus.
15. The U. S. Congress has the power to make these laws except of _______.
A. defense B. citizenship and naturalization C. marriage （√）D. the regulation of foreign trade
16. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincoln.
17. Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is Rhode Island.（羅得島）
18. The national flag of the United States is known as the Star-Spangled Banner.
19. The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on the population.
20. The statue of liberty （自由女神）was given to American people by France as a gift in 1884. 21. Franklin D. Roosevelts presidential term is the longest. （12 years） 22. American Civil War broke out in 1861 and finished in 1865.
23. Thomas Jefferson prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence.
24. In 31 October Halloween is celebrated.（萬圣節(jié)）
25. The US was rated fourth in the world in terms of land area.
26. The seats in the Senate are allocated to different states equally. （two for each state）
27. Hollywood, the center of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angeles.
28. The first Puritans came to America on the ship May Flower.
英國概況 1. Which of the following does not belong to the Island of Great Britain?
A. England B. Scotland C. Ireland （√） D. Wales
2. Modern football game began in England. 3. In Britain education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 to 16.（義務(wù)教育）
4. The longest river in Britain is the Severn River. 5. The general election in Britain is held every five years.
6. “God Save the Queen” is the national anthem of Britain. 8. Big Ben is a famous clock in London.
7. In 1588 the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada and established the supremacy over the sea.
9. In 1066 William the Conqueror led the Norman army in invading and defeating England.
10. The Times is the British oldest daily newspaper.（泰晤士報(bào)市英國最長久的日報(bào)。）
11. The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain.
12. Margaret Thatcher is the first female Prime Minister in the history of Great Britain.
13. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.
14. There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party保守黨 and the Labor party.工黨
15. The new agency Reuters（路透社）was founded in London.
16. The Anglo-Saxons（盎格魯-撒克遜人）were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.
17. Glasgow （格拉斯哥）is the largest city in Scotland. Edinburgh （愛丁堡）is the capital of Scotland.
18. The British Parliament consists of three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
語言學(xué) 1. The core of linguistics: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics 2. The beginning of Modern linguistics: marked by the publication of F. de Saussures book Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century. 3. Prescriptive vs. Descriptive規(guī)定性研究與描寫性研究Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.
4. Competence vs. performance 語言能力與語言運(yùn)用: the distinction was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in 1965. The two terms are similar with Saussures langue and parole. However, Saussure took a sociological view of language and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.
5. Phonetics: the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.（語音學(xué)）
6. Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.（音位學(xué)）
7. 音位學(xué)與語音學(xué)的不同：語音學(xué)著重于語音的自然屬性；音位學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)語音的社會(huì)功能。
8. Morphology: refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.（形態(tài)學(xué)）
9. Morpheme: the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, the minimal unit of meaning.
10. Word-formation: the process of word variation signaling lexical relationships. They are compound and derivation.
11. Transformational-Generative grammar: proposed by Chomsky in 1957（轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法）
12. hyponymy上下義關(guān)系，指一種意義包含關(guān)系，一個(gè)上義詞一般會(huì)有許多下義詞，比如flower與violet的關(guān)系即上下義關(guān)系。
13. antonymy反義關(guān)系：（1）Gradable antonyms兩者并非絕對對立，而是相對hot-cold；（2）complementary antonyms互補(bǔ)，兩者絕對對立，非此即彼，如dead-alive（3）relational antonyms相反的，兩個(gè)實(shí)體之間關(guān)系的相互顛倒buy-sell
14. Sociolinguistics: It is the sub-filed of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.社會(huì)語言學(xué)
15. Sapir-whorf hypothesis薩皮爾伍爾夫假說: according to Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, language filters peoples perception and the way they categorize experiences.此假說認(rèn)為語言決定或影響人的思維方式和行為。
16. acquisition（習(xí)得）:it is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language, and it is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules.
Learning: it is a conscious learning of the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules. 英國文學(xué) 1. Beowulf: national epic in old English 2. Geoffrey Chaucer: father of modern English poetry; The Canterbury Tales 3. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: story about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table 4. Renaissance: it was an intellectual movement. It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. 5. Thomas More: Utopia 6. William Shakespeare: Four Great Tragedies: Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello He was also famous for his sonnets and love tragedy: Romeo and Juliet.
7. John Milton: Paradise Lost (great epic) 8. Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 9. Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels
10. John Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress (It is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English language.)
11. Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language
12. In the mid-18th century, a new literary trend called Romanticism came to Europe and then to England. 13. National poet of Scotland: Robert Burns 14. William Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads (It marked the beginning of Romanticism in English poetry.)
15. George Gordon Byron: Don Juan 16. Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind
17. John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale 18. In the Victorian Age (1836 – 1901), romanticism gradually gave way to realism.
19. Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities; David Copperfield; Oliver Twist 20. Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights
21. Thomas Hardy: Tess of D’Urbervilles 22. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair
23. George Bernard Shaw: Pygmalion; Mrs Warren’s Profession (He is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.) 24. John Galsworthy: The Forsyte Saga 25. James Joyce: “stream-of-consciousness”
加拿大概況 1. Maples are always used to symbolize Canada.
2. Canada was originally one colony of England. 3. The official languages of Canada are English and French.
4. The largest city in Canada is Toronto. 5. Canada was rated second in the world in terms of land area.
澳大利亞概況 1. Australia, as the world’s smallest continent and largest island, has a small population in relation to its size.
2. The national day of Australia is January 26, the date of the first European settlement of the continent in January 26, 1788.
3. The capital of Australia is Canberra. 4. The largest city in Australia is Sidney.
新西蘭概況 1. The largest city in New Zealand is Auckland.
2. The Maori（毛利人）are the indigenous people of New Zealand, and have a rich and varied culture.
3. James Cook claimed that Australia and New Zealand belonged to Britain in 1770.
美國文學(xué) 1. Captain John Smith usually was regarded as the first American writer.
2. “God help those who help themselves” is a citation from the work of Benjamin Franklin.
3. As a philosophical and literary movement, Transcendentalism flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.
4. The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne.
5. The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism is Ralph Waldo Emerson.
6. The American Scholar written by Emerson was regarded as “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.
7. Emily Dickinson: famous female poet in the 19th century America
8. Captain, My Captain by Walt Whitman was written for Abraham Lincoln.
9. Washington Irving was the first man of letters from the US to win an international reputation.
10. Mark Twain: Local Colorism; famous novels: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
11. Theodore Dreiser: naturalism; famous novels: Sister Carrie, An American Tragedy
12. Jack London: Martin Eden (autobiographical); The Call of the Wild etc.
13. Ezra Pound: famous American poet in the 20th century, leader of the Imagist movement
14. Robert Lee Frost: famous American poet in the 20th century; famous poems: Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, The Road Not Taken, Mending Wall
15. Ernest Hemingway: spokesman of Lost Generation; famous novels: The Old Man and the Sea, A Farewell to Arms
16. F. Scott Fitzgerald: spokesman of the Jazz Age; famous novel: The Great Gatsby
17. William Faulkner: foremost southern writer of the 20th century; famous novel: The Sound and the Fury
18. Eugene O’Neil: leading playwright of the modern period in American literature
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