China的來歷

　　唐朝時期，人們就在昌南建造窯坊(kiln),燒制出一種青白瓷(bluish white porcelain)。青白瓷色彩晶瑩，有“人造玉器”的美稱，因而遠近聞名，并大量出口歐洲。當時，歐洲人還不會制造瓷器，因此中國特別是昌南鎮(zhèn)的瓷器很受歡迎。 在歐洲，昌南鎮(zhèn)瓷器是備受珍愛的貴重物品，人們以能獲得一件昌南鎮(zhèn)瓷器為榮。因此，歐洲人就以“昌南”作為瓷器和生產(chǎn)瓷器的“中國”的代稱。久而久之，歐洲人就把昌南的本意忘卻了，只記得它是“瓷器”，即“中國”了。

　　【參考翻譯】

　　In the Tang Dynasty, people started to build kilns tomake bluish white porcelain in Changnan. The bluishwhite porcelain was glittering and had thereputation of artificial jade, so it became famoushome and abroad and was exported to Europe inlarge amount. At that time, Europeans were not able to make porcelain,so porcelain fromChina，especially from Changnan，was warmly welcomed. In Europe，porcelain from Changnanwas luxurious article cherished by everyone, and obtaining even one piece of it would makepeople feel very proud. In this way，Europeans used Changnan as the code name for china(porcelain) and the place of its production，China. Gradually, Europeans forgot the originalmeaning of Changnan，only remembering it is “china”，namely“China”.

　　【詞匯解析】

　　1.燒制出一種青白瓷:可譯為make bluish whiteporcelain， 燒制可譯為 make，“青白色的”可譯為bluishwhite。

　　2.色彩晶螢:可譯為glittering,意為“閃閃發(fā)光的”。

　　3.遠近聞名:可譯為be famous home and abroad。

　　4.以…為榮:即be proud of,文中譯為…make people feelproud。

　　5.久而久之:理解為“逐漸地”，可用gradually來表達。

　　6.只記得它是瓷器:根據(jù)前后句，本句可譯為only remembering it is “china”, 用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語來表達。

　　漢語熱

　　中國的官方語言普通話在美國的學校中突然熱起來。由于中國經(jīng)濟在21世紀的快速發(fā)展，美國的公立和私立學校紛紛在外語課程中加入漢語這一科目，或?qū)⒁延械臐h語教學項目進行擴展。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，在美國的學校中，有5萬名孩子在學習漢語。但推動漢語項目的發(fā)展不是沒有遇到困難。由于缺乏受過專業(yè)訓練、持有證書的教師，一些學校很難加入漢語教學的競爭。當學校聘用教師時，它們通常直接從中國招聘，這種方式為文化沖突埋下了隱患。

　　【翻譯譯文】

　　Mandarin, the official language of China, is suddenly hot in American schools. With the rapid development of China’s economy in the 21th century,both public and private schools in America are scrambling to add Mandarin to their curricula of foreign languages or expandingChinese language programs already in place. By some estimates, as many as 50 000 children nationwide are taking Mandarinin American schools. To develop Chinese-language programs has met some difficulties. A shortage of professionally trained teachers with certificates has madeit difficult for some schools to join the competition. When schools need to employ teachers, they often recruit them fromChina directly, which is a hidden trouble for culture clash.

　　【重點詞匯】

　　官方語言 official language

　　普通話 Mandarin

　　快速的 rapid 課程 curriculum (pl.curricula)

　　已有的 in place

　　缺乏 shortage

　　受過專業(yè)訓練 professionally trained

　　證書 certificate

　　招聘 recruit

　　文化沖突 culture clash

　　臉譜(facial makeup)

　　臉譜(facial makeup)是指中國傳統(tǒng)戲劇—京劇里男演員臉部的彩色化妝。 它在色彩、形式和類型上有一定的格式。臉譜運用紅色、黃色、白色、黑色、紫色、綠色和銀色代表不同的人物性格。各角色的臉譜由油漆、粉和油彩畫成，基本形式是整臉、三塊瓦臉(San Kuai Wa Lian)和碎臉。這些臉譜類型被廣泛用于代 表將軍、官員、英雄、神靈和鬼魅。通過眼睛和鼻子周圍形狀各異的白色小塊, 可以辨別出丑角(Chou actors)。有時這些小塊以黑色勾勒，常稱小花臉。

　　【參考翻譯】

　　Facial makeup refers to the colorful painting on theface of the actors in Peking Opera, which is atraditional Chinese opera. It has certain format interms of color,design and type.Red，yellow，white，black，purple，green and silverare the main colors used for facial makeup to represent different characters. The facial designsfor the roles are made by painting, powdering and coloring in the basic forms of ZhengLzan(keeping the basic face pattern)，San Kuai Wa Lian(three-section face) and SuiLian(fragmentary face).These types are widely used to represent generals,officials，heroes,gods and ghosts. The Chou (clown) actors can be recognized by the patch of white in variousshapes painted around the eyes and nose. Sometimes these patches are outlined in black, oftencalled Xiao Hua Lian(partly painted face).

　　【詞匯解析】

　　1.臉部的彩色化妝:可譯為the colorful painting on theface。

　　2.在色彩、形式和類型上:可用詞組in terms of表達，譯為in terms of color,design and type。

　　3.整臉、三塊瓦臉和碎臉:“整臉”是最原始的臉譜形式，利用雙眉把臉分為額 和面兩個部分的臉譜;“三塊瓦臉”是在整臉的基礎(chǔ)上再利用口鼻把面部分為左右的臉譜;“碎臉”是三塊瓦臉的變種，其分界邊緣花形極大，破壞了原有的輪廓。這里可先音譯成漢語拼音，再在括號內(nèi)加以解釋說明。

　　4.形狀各異的:即“不同形狀的”，可譯為in various shapes或in different shapes。

　　5.丑角:翻譯為Chou actors，同樣地，括號內(nèi)可以加注解(Clown)。

　　6.勾勒:翻譯為outline。

　　飲酒(white spirit)

　　長期以來，飲酒(white spirit)在中國人的生活中一直扮演著重要的角色，無論是帝王還是百姓。飲酒是中國文化的一部分。中國人的祖先在作詩、寫散文時喜歡飲酒，在宴會上還會向親戚朋友敬酒。但飲酒不僅屬于文化人，也是普通人生活中不可缺少的一部分。人們在各種場合飲酒，如生日宴會、餞行宴會、婚禮宴會(wedding banquet)等。搬進新房或生意開業(yè)時，也會邀請人們來吃飯、飲酒。

　　參考翻譯：

　　Drinking white spirit has been taking an importantrole in Chinese people’s life from emperors toordinary people for a long time. Drinking white spiritis a part of Chinese culture. Chinese ancestorsenjoyed drinking white spirit while writing poems orproses and they also toasted their relatives and friends at the feast.But drinking white spirit isnot only for scholars，it is also an indispensable part of Chinese ordinary people’s life. Peopledrink white spirit on various occasions, such as the birthday party，farewell dinner，weddingbanquet, etc. When someone moves into a new house or starts doing business，he/she willinvite people for dinner and drinking white spirit.

　　中國民間藝術(shù)

　　中國民間藝術(shù)與中國哲學統(tǒng)一于“陰陽(yin-yang)生萬物”這一理念。這一理念源于中國原始社會，是對人類的人生感悟的哲學注解。中國人祖先的哲學論斷是“近看自己，遠觀他人”。要理解中華民族民間藝術(shù)的原始藝術(shù)，這一結(jié)論必不 可少。人類的本能欲望是生存并通過繁衍(propagation)繼續(xù)存在。人生來的首要 本能是求生，然后是長壽。從原始社會到今天，陰陽和永生的觀念始終貫穿中國的社會生活和民族文化。中國民間藝術(shù)反映了社會的所有基本哲學理念。

　　參考翻譯：

　　Chinese folk art and Chinese philosophy are unifiedin the belief that yin-yang produces all living things inthe world. Originated in Chinese primitive society,this was the philosophical explanation of human'sperception of life. Chinese ancestors philosophicalconclusion was to “l(fā)ook at oneself up close and other creatures from afar”，which is essentialto the understanding of the primitive art to the folk art of the nation. To live and to continuelife through propagation are the two instinctive desires of human. From birth, a person's firstinstinct is to survive, and then to live a long life. From primitive society to the present day,the view of yin-yang and perpetual life has permeated in all aspects of social life and thenational culture of Chinese society.Chinese folk art reflects all of the basic philosophicalconcepts.

　　面條Noodles

　　面條并不是中國飲食的專利。在面條發(fā)明者的問題上，中國人和意大利人相爭了多年。其實面條是世界性的大眾食品，許多民族都有獨特的制作方法，僅是中國面條的做法就有成百上千種。面條在中國歷史悠久，分布甚廣。面條制作簡單，并可根據(jù)個人的口味和地方習慣，加入不同佐料(condiments)制成咸面、甜面、辣面以及牛奶、雞蛋、番茄等多種面條，并可采用煮、蒸、炒、拌等多種烹調(diào)方法，因此很受消費者歡迎。

　　1.并不是中國飲食的專利:可以理解為“并不是中國飲食所獨有的”，故譯為not exclusive to Chinese diet。

　　2.在面條發(fā)明者的問題上，中國人和意大利人相爭了多年:可譯為For years，there has been a heated debate on the inventor of noodles between Chinese and Italian people.其中 there has been a heated debate on…意為“為…激烈爭論。”

　　3.分布甚廣:可譯為be distributed widely。

　　4.根據(jù)個人的口味和地方習慣:可譯為according to individual flavor and local customs。

　　5.制成:可以使用詞組be made into表達。

　　6.煮、蒸、炒、拌:可譯為boiling，steaming，frying，stirring and mixing。

　　7.受…歡迎:可譯為be warmly welcomed by。

　　參考翻譯

　　Noodles are not exclusive to Chinese diet. For years, there has been a heated debate on the inventor of noodles between Chinese and Italian people. In fact,noodles are popular food around the world. There are unique methods of making noodles in many countries. Just China, there are hundreds of methods.Noodles have a long history in China and are distributed widely.They are easy to make and by adding different condiments, they can be made into salty noodles, sweet noodles,spicy noodles and noodles with milk, eggs, tomatoes and so on, according to individual flavor and local customs. Besides, noodles can be cooked by boiling,steaming, frying，stirring and mixing, so they are warmly welcomed by customers.

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