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考研英語:從真題看考研英語閱讀答題技巧
下文以考研英語歷年真題為例子，分析推理引申類閱讀題的答題方法，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的復(fù)習(xí)有所幫助。
推理引申題的劃分
推理引申題按照難易可以分為：簡(jiǎn)單推理題和復(fù)雜推理題。第一，簡(jiǎn)單的推理題。雖然在原文中不能直接找到答案，但是有間接的暗示和線索。它們與答案之間的關(guān)系比較清楚，聯(lián)系起來后便可以得出答案。而且答案與其他選項(xiàng)差別也較大。第二，復(fù)雜的推理題。在原文中找不到明確的解題線索，考生只能根據(jù)隱藏在詞句后面的含義，根據(jù)作者說話的語氣，反復(fù)分析，才能找到答案，而且干擾項(xiàng)的干擾較強(qiáng)�？忌趲讉�(gè)選項(xiàng)中猶豫不定，不知選哪個(gè)好。后一種推理題是近幾年命題的趨勢(shì)。
Example
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor." (2002年Text 1)
The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .
[A] impolite to new arrivals
[B] very conscious of their godlike role
[C] entitled to some privileges
[D] very busy even during lunch hours
考生要根據(jù)全文的主旨以及作者的語氣，從那個(gè)關(guān)于醫(yī)生的笑話里推理醫(yī)生和上帝有相似的特點(diǎn)：醫(yī)生無禮、傲慢，自以為像上帝一樣。接著再推測(cè)護(hù)士對(duì)醫(yī)生的看法是：非常在乎自己上帝般的角色。這種推理是一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的過程。[B]選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
(2)推理引申題選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)及其解答技巧
正確項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：①不是文中明確說明的內(nèi)容，因?yàn)榧词狗显模瑳]有引申推理就不是正確選項(xiàng);②如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)全能憑常識(shí)判斷，其中含義深刻的是正確選項(xiàng)，有時(shí)惟一不是常識(shí)項(xiàng)的是正確選項(xiàng)。
干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：①只是原文的簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)述，而非推斷出來的結(jié)論，把直接表達(dá)當(dāng)成間接推理;②看似從原文推斷出來的結(jié)論，然而實(shí)際上與原文不符，例如把原文的原因變成了選項(xiàng)中的結(jié)果，把原文的手段變成了選項(xiàng)中的目的;③根據(jù)常識(shí)判斷是正確的，然而不是在文章事實(shí)或上下文邏輯基礎(chǔ)上推理而得出的觀點(diǎn)，因此，考生要注意不能根據(jù)自己的主觀想法或生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)去推理，因?yàn)槊}者考查的是考生揣摩作者意圖的能力;④雖然以文章提供的事實(shí)或內(nèi)在邏輯為推理依據(jù)，但推理過頭，概括過度;⑤有部分選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容純屬編造。
根據(jù)推理引申試題的特點(diǎn)，考生在解答時(shí)要注意以下兩點(diǎn)：
首先，考生在瀏覽全文時(shí)，一要留意那些似乎話中有話的間接表達(dá)句。它們往往采用說半句、打比喻、反過來講的方式，留有讓考生自己作結(jié)論或推理的余地。二要留意含義深刻或結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子�？忌鷮�(duì)作者表達(dá)的意思不能一下子看透，它們往往是命題點(diǎn)所在。
Example
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.(2002年 Passage 1)
It can be inferred from the text that public services
[A] have benefited many people
[B] are the focus of public attention
[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor
[D] have often been the laughing stock
該段末句"如果拿公共服務(wù)行業(yè)作為替罪羊(scapegoats)去進(jìn)行評(píng)論，你就會(huì)處于安全境地"讓人讀了不是很明白，禁不住要去推想到底為什么公共服務(wù)行業(yè)這么特殊呢?聯(lián)系上文，前面的內(nèi)容說的是"開玩笑取樂要看聽眾是不是自己同行業(yè)的人，如果不是就有可能招人反感"。一番推理之后，才明白這句話的另外一層未說明的含義，即選項(xiàng)[D]反映的內(nèi)容：公共服務(wù)行業(yè)是大家經(jīng)常談?wù)摰墓餐α稀?/p>
其次，根據(jù)題干的關(guān)鍵詞迅速搜索定位以便確定推理依據(jù)的范圍。利用語法、詞匯、語境線索，了解單句的含義，弄清上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，然后按題意進(jìn)行推理。題目可能要求考生對(duì)某句話或數(shù)句話進(jìn)行正確理解或釋義，也可能從某句話或某段話中推測(cè)出一兩件事實(shí)。
Example
In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.(2002年 Passage 3)
It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if .
[A] price of crude rises
[B] commodity prices rise
[C] consumption rises
[D] oil taxes rise
題干中的關(guān)鍵詞是"the retail price of petrol"。根據(jù)它定位到文章段落，文章先給出事實(shí)：原油價(jià)格占汽油零售價(jià)格的一小部分，其大部分是稅收。在歐洲國(guó)家這個(gè)比例更是高達(dá)五分之四，因此原油價(jià)格的變動(dòng)對(duì)汽油價(jià)格影響不大。據(jù)此可以推出二者的潛在關(guān)系：影響汽油價(jià)格的主要因素是稅收;稅收漲，油價(jià)也大幅度地漲。
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