考研英語(yǔ)真題閱讀理解試題及名師解析(一)
在社會(huì)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，我們最少不了的就是試題了，試題可以幫助參考者清楚地認(rèn)識(shí)自己的知識(shí)掌握程度。一份好的試題都具備什么特點(diǎn)呢？以下是小編收集整理的考研英語(yǔ)真題閱讀理解試題及名師解析，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
考研英語(yǔ)真題閱讀理解試題及名師解析 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July。) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market Americas machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty。
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas。
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “ American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government,“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States�！�
11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause_____。
[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____。
[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
13. What can be inferred from the passage?
[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride。
[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress。
[C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation。
[D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development。
14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the____。
[A]turning of the business cycle
[B]restructuring of industry
[C]improved business management
[D]success in education
名師解析
11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause_____。
美國(guó)在二戰(zhàn)后取得優(yōu)勢(shì)地位是因?yàn)開(kāi)____。
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal。
它為該目標(biāo)付出了艱巨的努力。
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before。
它的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)比以前大八倍。
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors。
戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)摧毀了大多數(shù)潛在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的經(jīng)濟(jì)。
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy。
它無(wú)與倫比的勞動(dòng)力規(guī)模給了經(jīng)濟(jì)推動(dòng)力。
【答案】 C
【考點(diǎn)】 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【分析】 第一段指出，“二戰(zhàn)后，美國(guó)就進(jìn)入了這樣的一個(gè)輝煌的歷史時(shí)期。它擁有比任何競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者大八倍的市場(chǎng)，這使其工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模前所未有。它的科學(xué)家是世上最優(yōu)秀的，它的工人是技術(shù)最好的`。美國(guó)及其民眾的富庶是那些經(jīng)濟(jì)遭到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)破壞的歐洲人和亞洲人連做夢(mèng)也不敢想的”。因此利用排除法，確定答案是[A]。
12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____。
上個(gè)世紀(jì)80年代美國(guó)優(yōu)勢(shì)地位的喪失可以從美國(guó)_______事實(shí)中看出來(lái)。
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
電視工業(yè)已經(jīng)退到國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)被外國(guó)公司接管
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
機(jī)床業(yè)已經(jīng)自取滅亡
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
汽車(chē)工業(yè)已經(jīng)喪失了部分國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)
【答案】 D
【考點(diǎn)】 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【分析】 [A]選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)榈诙沃姓f(shuō)“到1987年，美國(guó)只剩下Zenith這一家電視生產(chǎn)商。(現(xiàn)在這一家也沒(méi)有了：Zenith于7月被韓國(guó)LG電器公司收購(gòu)。)”說(shuō)明它連國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)也保不住了。[B]選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，文中第二段最后一句提到，“在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，半導(dǎo)體制造業(yè)似乎要成為下一個(gè)受害者”，可是事實(shí)上沒(méi)有。[C]選項(xiàng)中談到的機(jī)床業(yè)已經(jīng)自取滅亡的說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)槲闹刑岬綑C(jī)床制造業(yè)“岌岌可危”(on the ropes)，但是還沒(méi)有滅亡呢。[D]是合適的，因?yàn)榈诙蔚诹涮岬剑斑M(jìn)口車(chē)和紡織品橫掃國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)”。
13. What can be inferred from the passage?
從本文中可以推斷出哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)？
[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride。
在自我懷疑和盲目驕傲之間搖擺是人的本性。
[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress。
激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。
[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation。
經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇依靠國(guó)際的合作。
[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development。
一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期成功的經(jīng)歷會(huì)為進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展鋪平道路。
【答案】 B
【考點(diǎn)】 推斷題。
【分析】 第三段提到，“所有這一切導(dǎo)致了信心危機(jī)。美國(guó)人不再視繁榮為理所當(dāng)然之事。他們開(kāi)始懷疑自己的商業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)方式出了問(wèn)題，也懷疑不久他們的收入就會(huì)下降。20世紀(jì)80年代中期對(duì)美國(guó)工業(yè)衰退的原因作了一次又一次的調(diào)查。那些有時(shí)聳人聽(tīng)聞的結(jié)果中充滿(mǎn)著對(duì)來(lái)自國(guó)外的加劇的經(jīng)濟(jì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的警告”。第四段提到了“90年代的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇。其中的含義是：在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的壓力下，美國(guó)人在80年代產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，美國(guó)的工業(yè)已經(jīng)改變了結(jié)構(gòu)，消除了滯脹，學(xué)會(huì)了急智，因此帶來(lái)了90年代的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇”。因此可以得出激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。另外三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不合適。
14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the____。
作者似乎相信美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在上個(gè)世紀(jì)90年代的復(fù)蘇可以歸結(jié)于____。
[A]turning of the business cycle 經(jīng)濟(jì)周期的轉(zhuǎn)折
[B]restructuring of industry 行業(yè)重組
[C]improved business management 改善了的工商管理
[D]success in education 教育的成功
【答案】 A
【考點(diǎn)】 作者觀(guān)點(diǎn)題。
【分析】 在第四段，作者指出，“1995年，美國(guó)可以對(duì)過(guò)去5年的穩(wěn)步發(fā)展作一回顧，而日本還在奮力掙扎。很少有美國(guó)人將這一巨變單純歸因于美元貶值或商業(yè)周期循環(huán)這些顯而易見(jiàn)的原因。如今，對(duì)自身的懷疑已被盲目樂(lè)觀(guān)所取代”。
考研英語(yǔ)真題閱讀理解試題及名師解析 2
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _________.
[A]sociology and chemistry
[B]physics and psychology
[C]sociology and psychology
[D]physics and chemistry
22. We can infer from the passage that _________.
[A]there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _________.
[A]the process of specialization and professionalisation
[B]the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C]the change of policies in scientific publications
[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
24. The direct reason for specialization is _________.
[A]the development in communication
[B]the growth of professionalisation
[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge
[D]the splitting up of academic societies
名師解析
21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as_________.
19世紀(jì)專(zhuān)業(yè)化的發(fā)展在_______等科學(xué)領(lǐng)域容易看的更加清楚。
[A]sociology and chemistry 社會(huì)學(xué)和化學(xué)
[B]physics and psychology 物理學(xué)和心理學(xué)
[C]sociology and psychology 社會(huì)學(xué)和心理學(xué)
[D]physics and chemistry 物理學(xué)和化學(xué)
【答案】 D
【考點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【分析】根據(jù)題干定位到第二段第三、四句，文中提到“專(zhuān)業(yè)化要求更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間、更復(fù)雜的培訓(xùn)，給參與科學(xué)活動(dòng)的業(yè)余人士帶來(lái)了更大的問(wèn)題。在特別是以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的那些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域里，這一傾向自然表現(xiàn)得最為明顯，英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展充分地說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)”。在這四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中，[A]、[B]、[C]都提到了“文科學(xué)科”，只有[D]選項(xiàng)中的“物理學(xué)和化學(xué)”均是“以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)作為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)”，因此可以推斷[D]選項(xiàng)符合原文，是正確答案。
22. We can infer from the passage that _____. 從本文可以推斷出______。
[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalization
在專(zhuān)業(yè)化和職業(yè)化之間幾乎沒(méi)有區(qū)別
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
業(yè)余人士在某些領(lǐng)域和專(zhuān)業(yè)人士可以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
專(zhuān)業(yè)人士看上去是歡迎業(yè)余人士加入科學(xué)團(tuán)體的
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
業(yè)余人士看起來(lái)只有全國(guó)性的學(xué)術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)，但是沒(méi)有地方性的學(xué)術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)
【答案】 B
【考點(diǎn)】推斷題。
【分析】選項(xiàng)[A]中提到“專(zhuān)業(yè)化和職業(yè)化之間幾乎沒(méi)有區(qū)別”，而實(shí)際上，它們指的是“不同的領(lǐng)域和方向”，“specialization”針對(duì)“研究對(duì)象”，“professionalization”針對(duì)“研究者”，因此可以排除。選項(xiàng)[C]說(shuō)“專(zhuān)業(yè)人士看上去是歡迎業(yè)余人士加入科學(xué)團(tuán)體”這種說(shuō)法也是不對(duì)的，因?yàn)閷?zhuān)業(yè)化的發(fā)展使得業(yè)余人士受到排擠。[D]選項(xiàng)明顯錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)槲闹刑岬健凹扔腥珖?guó)性的學(xué)術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)，又有地方性的學(xué)術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)”。第三段指出“局部的研究(local studies)只有在能被納入并反映出更廣泛研究框架的時(shí)候，才為專(zhuān)業(yè)人士所接受”。這說(shuō)明，某些方面的研究是為專(zhuān)業(yè)研究者所認(rèn)可的，同時(shí)說(shuō)明了業(yè)余研究與職業(yè)研究并存的狀況。既然是并存的，就說(shuō)明在某個(gè)地方是可以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的。因此選擇[B]。
23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______。
作者提到地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展是為了說(shuō)明______。
[A] the process of specialization and professionalization
專(zhuān)業(yè)化和職業(yè)化的過(guò)程
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
業(yè)余人士在科學(xué)研究方面的艱辛
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
科技出版政策的變化
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
職業(yè)人士對(duì)業(yè)余人士的歧視
【答案】 A
【考點(diǎn)】作者目的題。
【分析】根據(jù)題干“地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展”定位到第二段末尾和第三段，第三段主要講的是地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展；以及第四段第一句“雖然職業(yè)化和專(zhuān)業(yè)化過(guò)程早在19世紀(jì)已在英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域展開(kāi)，但直到20世紀(jì)我們才看到其全面影響”，因此可以判斷這里的正確答案是[A]。[B]選項(xiàng)認(rèn)為是“業(yè)余研究者在科學(xué)研究方面的艱辛”。例子中雖然提到了專(zhuān)業(yè)化給業(yè)余研究者帶來(lái)的不利影響.但是從整體來(lái)看，那個(gè)不是重點(diǎn)，地質(zhì)學(xué)的例子主要是為了說(shuō)明“專(zhuān)業(yè)化和職業(yè)化過(guò)程的形成及其影響”。
24. The direct reason for specialization is _______. 造成專(zhuān)業(yè)化的直接原因是_______。
[A] the development in communication 交流的發(fā)展
[B] the growth of professionalization 職業(yè)化的發(fā)展
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge 科學(xué)知識(shí)的擴(kuò)展
[D] the splitting up of academic societies 學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體的分化
【答案】 C
【考點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【分析】本題要求考生找出現(xiàn)象間的因果關(guān)系。全文開(kāi)篇就指出，“專(zhuān)業(yè)化過(guò)程可以被看做是對(duì)日益積累的科學(xué)知識(shí)的反應(yīng)”。這句話(huà)的含義實(shí)際上就是“科學(xué)知識(shí)的積累促進(jìn)了專(zhuān)業(yè)化”。因此可以判定[C]是正確選項(xiàng)。[A]選項(xiàng)是不對(duì)的，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)其中的“交流”一詞可以定位到第一段，文中提到“專(zhuān)業(yè)化影響了交流過(guò)程”，而不是反之。[B]不對(duì)，“專(zhuān)業(yè)化是隨著知識(shí)的進(jìn)一步分類(lèi)而產(chǎn)生的，是和職業(yè)化同時(shí)產(chǎn)生的”，不是其成因。[D]為專(zhuān)業(yè)化的`結(jié)果。
難句解析：
1. Nevertheless, the word“amateur”does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主句是“the word‘a(chǎn)mateur’does carry a connotation”，后面有一個(gè)“that”引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句，解釋“connotation”，而這個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句中有兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。
2. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主干是“The trend was naturally most obvious… and can be illustrated…”。主語(yǔ)是“the trend”，兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分為“was obvious”和“can be illustrated”。前一個(gè)部分中“based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training”是過(guò)去分詞做后置定語(yǔ)修飾“areas of science”。
3. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是“The overall result has been to do sth�！�。逗號(hào)后面只是一個(gè)名詞性的短語(yǔ)，其關(guān)鍵詞是“a result”，是前面句子主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)，在其內(nèi)部主要是一個(gè)“that”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，而定語(yǔ)從句中又有兩個(gè)并列的狀語(yǔ)“first by..., and then by.。.”。
4. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】這是一個(gè)并列句，由“whereas”(而)連接兩個(gè)分句，說(shuō)明了兩種情況，前一個(gè)分句的主干是“A process of differentiation has led to professional geologists”，而后面說(shuō)“the amateurs have tended either to remain…or to come…”。
全文翻譯：
專(zhuān)業(yè)化可被看作針對(duì)科學(xué)知識(shí)不斷膨脹這個(gè)問(wèn)題所做出的反應(yīng)。通過(guò)將學(xué)科細(xì)分為各個(gè)小的單元，個(gè)人能夠繼續(xù)處理這些信息并將它們作為進(jìn)一步研究的基礎(chǔ)。但是專(zhuān)業(yè)化僅僅是一系列相關(guān)科學(xué)進(jìn)步中影響交流過(guò)程的的一個(gè)。另一現(xiàn)象是科學(xué)活動(dòng)的日益職業(yè)化。
在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)，職業(yè)人士與業(yè)余人士之間沒(méi)有明確的區(qū)分：任何規(guī)律都有其例外。但是“業(yè)余”這個(gè)詞的確具有一種含義，即相關(guān)的那個(gè)人沒(méi)有完全融入某個(gè)科學(xué)家群體，尤其是他可能并不完全認(rèn)同他們的價(jià)值觀(guān)。19世紀(jì)的專(zhuān)業(yè)化的發(fā)展，導(dǎo)致了對(duì)更長(zhǎng)更復(fù)雜的訓(xùn)練的要求，意味著業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入科學(xué)界會(huì)遇到更大的困難。特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，這種傾向自然尤為明顯，這可以通過(guò)英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過(guò)程得到證實(shí)。
對(duì)過(guò)去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的英國(guó)地質(zhì)出版物所進(jìn)行的比較表明不但人們對(duì)研究首要性的重視程度在不斷增加，而且對(duì)什么是可以接受的論文的定義也在不斷變化。因此，在19世紀(jì)，局部的地質(zhì)研究本身就代表了一種有價(jià)值的研究；而到了20世紀(jì)，如果局部的研究能夠被職業(yè)人員接受，那么它就必須結(jié)合和思考一個(gè)更加廣闊的地質(zhì)面貌。另一方面，業(yè)余人員繼續(xù)以傳統(tǒng)方式從事局部的研究。結(jié)果，業(yè)余人員在職業(yè)化地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志發(fā)表文章更加困難。審稿制度首先在19世紀(jì)的全國(guó)性雜志中實(shí)行，后來(lái)在20世紀(jì)一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志中也開(kāi)始實(shí)行，這使這個(gè)結(jié)果得到進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。這樣發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果是出現(xiàn)了針對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)讀者和業(yè)余讀者的不同雜志。類(lèi)似的分化過(guò)程也導(dǎo)致職業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集起來(lái)，形成一兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體，而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團(tuán)體中，要么以不同方式組成全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體。
雖然職業(yè)化和專(zhuān)業(yè)化過(guò)程在19世紀(jì)的英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)界中已經(jīng)得到迅速發(fā)展，但是它的效果一直拖到20世紀(jì)才充分顯示出來(lái)。然而，從整個(gè)科學(xué)來(lái)看，19世紀(jì)必須被視為科學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生該變化的關(guān)鍵階段。
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