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高中英語謂語動詞時態(tài)教案
一、動詞時態(tài)的定義:用動詞的不同形式來表示動作發(fā)生在不同的時間。
二、動詞時態(tài)的種類和形式:動詞時態(tài)根據其時間和體態(tài)共合成十六種時態(tài):下面以動詞work為例說明各種時態(tài)的不同形式:
一般進行完成完成進行現在work(s)(am,are.is)am/are/is workinghave(has)worked[have(has)beenworking]過去worked(was,were)were/was workinghad worked[had been working]將來will/shall work[will/shall be working][will/shall have worked]will/shallhave been working過去將來would/should workwould/should beworkingwould/should haveworkedwould/should have been working
注:上表中黑體字部分為常用八種時態(tài),括號[]內的部分為高考需要了解的時態(tài)。
三、常用八種時態(tài)的基本用法:
I、一般現在時:表示經常發(fā)生的動作或現在所存在的狀態(tài)或客觀真理。
He often gets up at six o'clock in the morning.
He is a student,and he hasa lot of books.
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Water boilsat 100 degrees celsius.
Ⅱ、現在進行時:表示說話時或現階段正在發(fā)生著的一個動作。
It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
一般現在時和現在進行時的區(qū)別:
、俦硎粳F在的狀態(tài)時,多用系動詞或狀態(tài)動詞;一般不用現在進行時。
Ice feels cold.(一般不用現在進行時)He has many books.(一般不用現在進行時)
、诒硎窘洺;蛄晳T性的動作,多用動作動詞,且常與表頻率的時間狀語連用。若表示現在或現階段發(fā)生的動作要用現在進行時。
He teaches English in our school.(表示經常)He is teaching English and learning Chinese.(表示現階段)
、郜F在進行時常與always、often等頻度副詞連用,表經常反復的動作或某種感情色彩)The girl is always talking loud in public.
常見狀態(tài)動詞有下列四類動詞:(一般不宜用現在進行時)。
。ˋ)表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動作:like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,think、mind,wish,agree,mean,need。
(B)表存在的狀態(tài)的動詞:have,own,exist,lie,remain,seem,appear,belong to,depend on。
。–)表示一時性動作的動詞:allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete。
。―)表示感官的動詞:see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look。
I know what you mean.
Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
Ⅲ、一般將來時:
、俦硎疚磥砟硶r或一個階段將發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。(常與表示將來的時間狀語連用,如tomorrow、next week等)。
、诒硎疽环N必然趨向或習慣動作。
We'll die without air or water.
注:在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中常用一般現在時代替將來時。
幾種表示將來動作的句型及其區(qū)別:
1、be going to與will/shall
、賐e going to表示現在打算在將來要做某事,這種打算往往經過事先考慮,甚至已做了某種準備;shall/will 表示未事先考慮過,即說話時臨時作出的決定。
The size and the price ane OK,so'll take it.(此句中不可用be going to)
、赽e going to表示根據某些事實推斷必然發(fā)生的動作。Wi則表示一種必然趨向,無需據推斷。
Fish will die without water.(必然趨向)The fish is going to die soon.(根據這條魚現在的狀況做出的推斷)
、踒e going to表將來,不能與條件狀語從句連用;而will則能,表意愿。如:
If it is fine,we'll go fishing.(正確)If it is fine,we are going to go fishing.(錯誤)
2、be to do與be going to be to do sth.表按組織的計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作。be going to do是按主語自己的計劃,安排將要做的動作。
He is going to Beijing for a visit next week.(他自己打算去)He is to go to Beijing on business next week.(組織讓他去)
3、be about to do.表示“即將,就要”,后面不能接具體時間狀語。常與when引導的時間狀語連用:be about to do sth..when.“正要做某事,就在這時又…"
Autumn harvest is about to start.
I was about to leave when a friend of mine came.
4、少數用于表示起止的動詞如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、open、close、end、stop等常用一般現在時代替將來時,表示一個按時刻表規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作。當be表示根據時間順序肯定會出現的狀態(tài),只用一般現在時。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m.every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
5、表近期特定的安排或計劃;go、come等起止動作可用進行時代替將來時。強調緊迫感。
如:
I am meeting Mr.Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
IV.過去將來時:與一般將來時對比,表示以過去的某時為準還沒有發(fā)生而將要發(fā)生的動作。
He said he would come to see you.(在他說的時候還沒有來)上述“幾種表示將來動作句型及其區(qū)別”也適應于過去將來時。
V、一般過去時:(考核重點)。表示過去某時或某一階段發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。常與表示過去具體的時間狀語連用(或有上下文語境暗示);用于表達過去的習慣;如:
I met her in the street yesterday.
I once saw the famous star here.
They never drank wine.
VI.過去進行時:過去某時或某一階段內正在進行的動作。
I was reading a book at 8 yestoday.
It was raining last night.
VII.現在完成時:
1.表示過發(fā)生的動作,對現在的影響。
I have ready seen the film.
2.表示過去發(fā)生的動作一直延續(xù)到現在。(只用于延續(xù)動作)常與for、since引導的狀語連用外,還可以和下面的介詞短語連用:during/in/over the last(past)few years(months,weeks)、in recent years等。
We have learned 3000 English words since we began to study English.
He has lived in Beijing for 5 years.
注:①在用法2中如有不延續(xù)動詞,必須改換為延續(xù)動詞:
如:表示“他來這時已經3天了!
He has been here for three days.不能說:He has come here for three days.
come不延續(xù)動詞,改為be延續(xù)動詞
又如:“他參軍已經三年了。"不能說:He has joined the Amy for three years.
應該說:He has been an army man for three years.這里join為不延續(xù)動詞,改為be延續(xù)動詞,并根據意義做相應的改動:be an army man
、谙铝芯湫椭谐S矛F在完成時
It is(has been)+一段時間+since從句
This(That/It)is the first(second..)time that+完成時VIm.過去完成時(考核重點)。
、俦硎具^去某時之前發(fā)生的動作。常與by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示過去某一時間的短語或從句以前發(fā)生的動作。
如:By the end of last year,we had produced 20,000 cars.
The train had left before we reached the station.
、诒硎具^去發(fā)生的動作一直延續(xù)到過去的另一個時間。常與for,since時間狀語連用。
We had already learned English for five years by the end of last year.
幾種表示“過去的“時態(tài)的區(qū)別:
1、“一般過去時”與“過去進行時”的區(qū)別:
一般過去時:表示過去某時或某一階段發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)(在指定時間內完成)過去進行時:表示過去某時或某一階段內正在進行的動作(在指定時間內未完成)It rained last night.(雨在指定時間last night結束)It was raining last night.(雨在指時間last night下著,不知什么時間停的)如果指定“點時間”,不延續(xù)動詞只能用一般過去時,而延續(xù)動詞只能用過去進行時。
He came here at 8 o'clock yesterday.
He was reading a book at 8 o'clock yesterday.
2、“一般過去時”與“現在完成時”的區(qū)別:
一般過去時:表示過去某時或某一階段發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。(有確切的過去時間)現在完成時:表示過發(fā)生的動作,對現在的影響。(無確切的過去時間)Ihave seen the film.(不知過去具體什么時間看的)I saw the film yesterday.(就是昨天看的)He has been a student.(他現在還是學生)He was a student last year.(他現在不再是學生了)
3、“一般過去時”與“過在完成時”的區(qū)別:
一般過去時:表示過去某時或某一階段發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。(指定時間內完成)過在完成時:表示過去某時之前發(fā)生的動作。(指定時間之前完成)I finished the book yesterday.(我昨天看的那本書,并看完了)I had finished the book by yesterday.(我在昨天之前開始看,到昨天才看完)這里關鍵是必須有介詞by說明在“昨天之前”。如有過去時間,但無法說明在此之前的決不可用過去完成時。
注:①“時間名詞+before”在句子中作狀語,謂語動詞用過去完成時;“時間名詞+
ago”在句中作狀語,謂語動詞用一般過去式。
如:He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.
Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
、诒硎尽熬.”的幾個句型:Hardly/Scarcely/No sooner had+主語+過去分詞+
when/than+一般過去時。
如:We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.
No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
、谠赽efore,after,as soon as,immediately,the moment,the minute。引導的時間狀語從句中用一般過去時態(tài)代替過去完成時。
After he(had)left the room,the boss came in.
We(had)arrived home before it snowed.
As soon as he(had)arrived in Beijing,he got in touch with his friend.
、廴绻麖木渲杏幸粋過去的時間狀語,盡管從句中的動作先于主句發(fā)生,但從句中的謂語動詞連用過去式。如:
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
、苡刹⒘羞B詞but,and等連接,表示幾個連續(xù)發(fā)生的動作,或在故事中按時間順序發(fā)生的動作用一般過去時。
He bought a watch but lost it.
He came here and then went to see his grandmother.
IX.現在完成進行時態(tài):表示過去發(fā)生的某動作一直持續(xù)到現在且仍然在進行著。
The worker has been working in this company ever since he graduated from college.
注:①如說話人不十分強調此動作仍在進行,也可用現在完成時。
The worker has worked in this company since he graduated from college.
、谟袝r可用現在完成進行時代替現在完成時,表示說話帶有強烈的感情色彩。
He looks very tired,for he has been painting the house all day.
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